Background: SOX 2 and OCT 4 are cancer stem cell (CSC) markers required for the maintenance of pluripotency and self-renewal of stem cells. They have been found to play a role in tumorigenesis. This study was conducted to detect and compare the expression of CSC markers OCT 4 and SOX 2 in ameloblastoma and keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) and to evaluate which marker better stains the stem cell population in the above-mentioned entities. Materials and Methods: Paraffin sections of 15 KCOT's and 15 solid multicystic ameloblastomas were obtained from the archives. Immunohistochemical staining for OCT 4 and SOX 2 was performed using monoclonal rabbit antibodies (PathnSitu Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd). Immunopositivity was determined on the basis of dark brown staining of nucleus and a total of 1000 cells were counted in five representative areas at a magnification of ×400. Results: No OCT 4 positivity was found in ameloblastoma or KCOT. Ameloblastoma showed SOX 2 negativity while high SOX 2 expression was found in KCOT. Conclusion: SOX 2 is a more reliable marker for identifying stem cell population in KCOT. High expression pattern of SOX 2 in KCOT may also explain the aggressive nature of lesion and account for the presence of numerous daughter cysts responsible for its high recurrence rate, and hence, may be helpful to justify its reclassification as a tumor. Targeted therapies may be designed against these CSC populations to render more effective treatment, prevent recurrence, and reduce morbidity of the patients.

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Aims and Objectives: Osseointegrated implants are used in replacement of missing teeth. Survival rate of implant depends on many factors including oral hygiene, implant material used, bone quality, and personal oral habit such as smoking. The present retrospective research was conducted to assess the effect of smoking on survival of dental implant. Materials and Methods: The study participants were selected from all the patients who underwent for dental implant in implant center from 2005 to 2015. For each patient, various information regarding implant characteristics and smoking habits were recorded. The readings were statistically evaluated by SPSS statistical software by IBM version 21 and using Chi-square test at P ≤ 0.01. Results: In our study, the age range of patients was between 30 and 54 years. There were 2142 (57.2%) male and 1579 (42.4%) female participants, in that 72.2% were nonsmokers and 27.7% were smokers. Implant placed more in mandible (2312, 62%) than in maxillary region (1409, 37.8%). From 3721 patients, 3600 were successful and 121 failures. Success of implant was considerably more in nonsmokers than smokers. Implant failure rate was more in smokers with increased frequency and duration of cigarette smoking habit, but it was statistically not significant. In the present study, we have observed 0.049% mobility in smokers compared to 0.007% in nonsmokers. Conclusion: The present study showed that higher risk of implant failure was associated with long term and increased frequency of smoking due to bone resorption.

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Introduction: Use of rotary instrumentation for pulpectomy is a recent emerging concept in the field of pedodontics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and practice of NiTi rotary instruments' usage in primary teeth by the Indian dentists. Materials and Methods: A self-administrated questionnaire was prepared and pretested and was given to the private practitioners. A total of 100 completed questionnaires were obtained. The data were entered and analyzed for frequency and percentages using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 17. Results: In the present study, about 50% of the practitioners used rotary instrumentation of root canals in primary teeth, of which majority were postgraduates. ProTaper was the commonly used rotary system in primary teeth. The practitioners felt both taper and length of the existing rotary file to be the limitation for its use in primary teeth. Conclusion: From the present study, it is concluded that there is a need for comprehensive education programs to be conducted to increase the awareness and use of rotary files for pulpectomy in primary teeth. In addition, there is a need for an exclusive pediatric rotary system for convenience in using it in children.

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Background: To evaluate the effectiveness of passive ultrasonic on the cleanliness of dentinal tubules in curved root canals during endodontic retreatment with and without solvents using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and Methods: A total of 36 extracted maxillary molars were obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. Retreatment was done with or without using solvent. Time was also recorded. Passive ultrasonic irrigation was done in one group. The roots were split longitudinally and observed under an SEM at ×2000. All the specimens were evaluated for a total number of dentinal tubules and the number of those either completely or partially filled. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc was used for intergroup comparison. Results: It was observed that more open tubules were present in Group IV followed by Group III, Group II, and Group I, respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05) hence, endodontic retreatment without using any solvent showed more cleanliness of dentinal tubules when compared with the groups using Endosolv-R solvent. However, cleanliness was better in the group where ultrasonic irrigation was done. Conclusion: The use of solvent in this study did not hasten the removal of gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. Use of passive ultrasonic irrigation after gutta-percha and sealer removal in non-surgical endodontic retreatment enhances the cleanliness of dentinal tubules.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate attitude and practice of infection control among senior dental students of the College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha. Materials and Methods: The study sample comprised of 191 students of the College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha. A standardized self-administered questionnaire was developed with 25 open- and closed-ended questions related to barrier techniques, vaccination status, infection control practices, and awareness. These questionnaires were distributed among the senior dental students after obtaining the consent form. Each questionnaire was coded to ensure the confidentiality of the response. Results: The compliance with the use of protective barriers was high with the exception of protective eyewear, utilized by only 22% of students. There was a significant difference between 5^th-year, 6^th-year students and interns' attitudes (P < 0.05) regarding the treatment of patients with infectious diseases. About 59% of interns and 27.8% of 6^th-year and 56.2% of 5^th-year students suffered from percutaneous injury (P < 0.05), and needlestick injury was the most common source of accidental exposure. Conclusion: Efforts are needed to improve the attitude and motivate students in the correct and routine use of infection control measures. With all infection control protocols already implemented in dental schools, the challenge remains on improving compliance with infection control recommendations.

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Aims: Probiotics have been proven to be beneficial for general and systemic health. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have investigated the use of probiotics for the prevention or treatment of dental caries and gingival diseases. Lactobacillus reuteri is believed to possess anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of our randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effect of chewing gums containing probiotics and xylitol on the salivary Streptococcus mutans counts, plaque, and gingival scores after the intervention. Materials and Methods: In our 3-week, short-term trial, 40 healthy 7–12-year-old children consumed two commercially available chewing gums; Group 1 (BioGaia™ ProDentis) and Group 2 (Orbit^®Gum, Wrigley's). Individuals consumed three chewing gums daily, immediately after major meals for 20 min each. The probiotic gum contained two strains of L. reuteri (ATCC 55730 and ATCC PTA 5282) along with artificial sweetener, sorbitol, and the xylitol gum consisted of both xylitol and sorbitol. Pre- and post-intervention whole unstimulated saliva samples were collected and cultured on Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar plates to check for colony forming units/ml of Streptococcus mutans. Plaque and gingival scores were also recorded at pre- and post-intervention appointments. Results: Following the intervention, the salivary Streptococcus mutans counts decreased in both groups. There was a significant reduction in plaque and gingival scores at postintervention examination. Conclusion: Probiotics can be used as an alternative to xylitol in the preventive regimen for dental caries or control in case of high caries risk.

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This literature review was done to estimate the uses and effectiveness of carbon monoxide (CO) breath analyzers in identifying smokers and evaluating the role it can play in tobacco cessation programs. A web-based research on PubMed and Scopus from date of inception till 2016 was done for collecting data for the review. Our inquiry was limited to relevant articles with specific keywords. During the web search title and abstracts, 118 articles were screened for content and quality and 66 articles were selected to get an update on the desired information. As on date, there is enough evidence to prove the reasonably high sensitivity and specificity of CO analyzers in distinguishing smokers and nonsmokers. It also correlates well with smoking status. Its primary application is in validating smoking abstinence and as a motivational tool in smoking cessation programs. Due to its advantages over other biochemical assays, it is used in screening large population, in developing countries and in research. It can also detect pregnant women who are smokers and victims of passive tobacco exposure. However, it does possess limitations which have to be taken into account when using it. It can be concluded that CO analyzers are proven to have great potential and can be used as an adjunct in achieving the goal of combating tobacco addiction. It is cheap, noninvasive, gives immediate results, easy to use, and it can be self-administered by individuals. It should henceforth be considered as an invaluable tool for tobacco cessation programs.

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Aims: This study aimed to cross-culturally translate and adapt the Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) measure into Moroccan Arabic and assess its reliability and validity. Materials and Methods: The original Child-OIDP was translated from English into Moroccan Arabic and back again. The Moroccan version of the Child-OIDP instrument was, then, validated on 11–14-year-old school children in Casablanca, Morocco, who responded to questions assessing their perceived oral problems. Results: The study revealed that the average score of Child-OIDP was 8.3 (standard deviation 8.7). Internal consistency was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.58; the testing-retesting procedures showed a satisfactory reproducibility (r = 0.93). The convergent validity was very satisfactory; the Child-OIDP score increased when the children had dental problems. The Child-OIDP score was able to discriminate the different sociodemographic groups. Conclusion: The study showed that the Moroccan version of the Child-OIDP had satisfactory psychometric properties, and is, therefore, a valid and reliable instrument.

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Background: The deleterious effect of liquid oral medicaments has been studied since 1953. Many coworkers have confirmed that these preparations are cariogenic and acidogenic in nature. In vitro studies have observed that the commonly used pediatric liquid medicaments (PLMs) are acidogenic and cariogenic in nature. Aim: To assess the change in the dental plaque pH after oral rinsing with the commonly prescribed PLMs.Materials and Methods: For the study purpose, eight commonly used PLMs were selected. On the test day, first the baseline resting plaque pH was measured, and then the volunteers were asked to rinse 5 ml of the sample PLM and asked to swish all around the oral cavity for 10 s and then to spit out. The supragingival plaque samples were collected using harvesting method at baseline and at different time intervals, following rinse with each medication. The pH of plaque was determined using a digital pH meter. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using one ANOVA and Tukey's multiple post hoc test. Results: A significant decrease in plaque pH was recorded in most of the subjects; maximum pH drop was seen within min of rinse of PLM. Among all the PLM, Crocin^® showed maximum drop in plaque pH. There was a gradual recovery to the near-normal pH within 60 min. Conclusions: Reducing the cariogenic potential of PLM should be a matter of concern to all health professionals.

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Orthodontic mini-implants use has been increased. The purpose of this review was to analyze the factors related to the clinical application of orthodontic mini-implants. For the present study, the electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were searched for available data. The literature search was performed on the articles published from 2003 up to 2017. International peer-reviewed journal articles related to factors which are associated with the clinical application of orthodontic mini-implants were searched. Successful application of mini-implants depends on proper selection of insertion site, proper selection of mini-implant (length, diameter, tapering), proper insertion (site, predrilling, angle, primary stability, injury, and absence of adjacent anatomic structures), absence of inflammation, and proper orthodontic loading. Insertion site and mini-implant characteristics are selected based mainly on cortical bone thickness, bone density, available bone, adjacent anatomic structures, and soft-tissue thickness. Sites of high cortical bone thickness, high cancellous bone density, sufficient available bone, and thin attached gingiva are ideal for mini-implant insertion. Extremely thick cortical bone requires attention. In thick cortical bone, shorter mini-implants can be selected. For sites of low cortical bone thickness and low cancellous bone density, longer and wider mini-implants are indicated. Very thin cortical bone and very low cancellous bone density negatively affect the prognosis of mini-implants. Very narrow implants entail fracture risk. Predrilling is preferred at high bone quality sites, whereas it is used with caution or even be avoided at low bone quality sites. Angled placement might be considered to increase bone-to-implant contact and reduce root injury risk. Loading time depends on insertion torque. Successful application of mini-implants is based on proper insertion site and mini-implant characteristics selection, proper insertion, absence of inflammation, and proper orthodontic loading. Careful assessment of all the factors that might compromise mini-implant success is important for their clinical application.

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Traumatic head injuries (THIs) associated with maxillofacial fractures (MFFs) are large public health concern worldwide, especially among adult-aged males. The MF injuries accompanied with THI involve serious esthetic and functional problems that lead to various consequential complications; therefore, early detection of associated THI in patients with MFF is the urgent need for initial assessment and treatment planning because it can reduce morbidity and mortality and enhance the outcome of treatment in those patients. The present review provides current updates for THI associated with MFF among different countries considering the prevalence, age, sex, etiology, and types of MFF in patients with THI throughout the world. The young adult males in the age group of 20–39 years were the most sustained THI associated with MFF. Road traffic accident (RTA) was the most common etiology of injury followed by assault, fall, and the other causes represent very low percentages. The types of MFF (orbital, zygoma, maxilla, and mandible) were associated with THI in MFF patients. Within the limits of the reviewed THI associated with MFF literature, it was concluded that civilization, culture, adult age group, male gender, RTA, and assault were the major factors that determine the trends of THI-related MFF. In this study, we recommend improving public awareness by applying road traffic regulations, encouraging the rules for compulsory use of seat belts and helmet, avoiding risky driving, and enhancing road quality.

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Pregnancy is a condition in which physiologic changes are continuing to accommodate the developing embryo. Management of trauma in a pregnant patient is complex and involves multispecialty departments. Facial bone fracture is rare. Understanding the physiology is of prime importance for oral and maxillofacial surgeon to provide adequate treatment. This article describes the management guidelines for an oral and maxillofacial pregnant patient.

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Acute sore throat is a condition of inflammation, characterized by pain, swelling, and burning sensation, which result from inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. Throat lozenges and refreshment candy containing the antiseptics and local anesthetics are commonly used to relieve the symptoms of sore throat. Side effects of using throat lozenges and refreshment candy have not been reported. This case report presents the case of glossitis mimicking median rhomboid glossitis induced by throat lozenges and refreshment candy, which is used to relieve the symptoms of sore throat. Management includes anamnesis, clinical examination, and instructions for stopping throat lozenges and refreshment candy consumption.

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Introduction: Any quality of life (QoL) assessment tool needs to be validated in the language of the participants to whom it is administered. Several language versions of oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14) already exist, for example, in German, Swedish, Hebrew, Chinese, Hindi, and Scottish. The present study has tried to establish a Gujarati version of OHIP-14. This Gujarati version of OHIP-14 would be useful to assess the impact of oral health on QoL of dental patients, who understand Gujarati. Aim: This study aimed to translate and validate the Gujarati version of OHIP-14. Materials and Methods: The original English version of the OHIP-14 was translated using the World Health Organization method (forward-backward translation technique), and then 109 participants were given English as well as Gujarati versions of OHIP-14 questionnaire. Filled questionnaires were collected from the participants and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: All the 14 questions showed no statistically significant difference between the English version of OHIP-14 and the translated Gujarati version of OHIP-14. Results of unpaired t-test (P = 0.103) were not statistically significant. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was 0.990, suggesting that the translated Gujarati version is highly correlated with the original English version. Conclusions: The translated Gujarati version of OHIP-14 is a precise, valid, and reliable instrument for assessing oral health-related QoL among Gujarati population.

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Aims: The current in vitro analysis evaluated the depth of cure in newer bulk fill composite resin which compared the traditionally used hybrid and microfill composite resin which used two different light sources quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) and light emitting diode (LED) unit with three varying intensities in conventional standard curing mode for 20 s. Materials and Methods: Three composite resins were selected for this study, namely, bulk fill (Smart Dentin Replacement, Dentsply), hybrid (Tetric N – Ceram, Ivoclar), and microfill (Te-Econom Plus, Ivoclar) with four different thickness 2, 4, 6, and 10 cured with varying intensities (625, 850, and 1025 mW/cm²) using two different light sources QTH (QHL 75, Dentsply) and LED (Ledition, Ivoclar and Valo, Ultradent). The depth of cure was determined using a scraping method based on ISO 4049:2000. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Kruskal–Wallis test is applied followed by Bonferroni-corrected Mann–Whitney test. Results: Best depth of cure results were obtained with a bulk fill composite resin cured under 1025 mW/cm² intensity using LED. Bulk fill showed the highest curing depth results in all varied intensities. Conclusions: Bulk fill composite resin was found to be more successful than hybrid and microfill composite resin with respect to the depth of cure.

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Aims: The aim of this study was to assess how individuals in three rural communities in Ecuador self-rate their oral health status. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that utilized a survey to assess the community awareness of risk factors for oral health. Because fluorosis is an issue that affects these communities, local water systems were tested for excess fluoride. Results: One hundred and eighty-five individuals aged 18 years and older participated in the study. Two-thirds of the participants described the state of their teeth as average or poor and more than half stated that they had sought dental care due to pain and need for treatment during the past year. Age and education had a statistically significant effect on how people described the state of their teeth. Significant associations were found between number of years of education and age and number of natural teeth the participants had (r_s = 0.43, n = 177, P ≤ 0.001; r_s= −0.53, n = 178, P ≤ 0.001). Likewise, significant associations were found between number of years of education and age and how participants described the state of their teeth (r_s= −0.228, n = 177, P ≤ 0.001; −0.617, n = 177; P < 0.001). A very high-fluoride level (4.86 mg/L) was found in one of the communities. Conclusions: Social and physical determinants of health seem to have a significant impact on the oral health of rural communities in Ecuador. Lack of regular access to dental care and low levels of education are important barriers for oral health in these communities.

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Aims: Dental hygiene and oral health status are essential components of health throughout life. The purpose of the study was to investigate the oral health-related behaviors and experienced teeth pain, as well as their correlates, among male schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted recruiting 10 elementary schools, Saudi Arabia. The total sample size was 725 schoolchildren (aged 7–12 years). Pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect the data using a multistage stratified-random sampling procedure. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to examine the association between variables. Results: All of the children (100%) did not have the habit of using tooth flossing regularly. The majority (62.5%) of the children did not have the habit of daily brushing, and only 11.8% brushed their teeth twice or more daily. About 56% missed/skipped visiting dentists in the past 12 months and 34.5% of the children complained a frequent toothache. Daily teeth brushing was significantly associated with young age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.5; P < 0.001), consuming fruits daily (OR = 2.3; P < 0.001) consuming vegetables daily (OR = 2.1; P < 0.001), and visit to dentist in the past 12 months (OR = 1.6; P = 0.010). The frequent toothache was positively associated with daily consumption of carbonated drinks (OR = 1.6; P = 0.005), sweets (OR = 1.8; P = 0.009), and visit to dentist (OR = 1.5; P = 0.010), and inversely associated with daily dairy products consumption (OR = 0.7; P = 0.020). Conclusions: Children's oral hygiene and oral health status were found to be poor and associated with their dietary habits. Preventive school health programs are required for better adaption of oral health behaviors and to maintain good oral health status among children.

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Aims: The survival of oral squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients remains poor despite recent treatment advances. A sensitive and specific biomarker is important in screening high-risk patients. The present study was undertaken to test a hypothesis whether salivary tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) can be used as a biomarker for OSCC. The study aimed to assess salivary TNF-α in OSCC, leukoplakia, and whether it can be used as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of OSCC. The objectives are as follows: (1) To evaluate salivary TNF-α and compare with histological grades of OSCC. (2) To evaluate salivary TNF-α in leukoplakia and compare with different grades of dysplasia. (3) To compare TNF-α levels in the saliva of oral cancer patients with leukoplakia patients and with healthy control group. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 90 participants, of which 30 healthy individuals, 30 leukoplakia, and 30 OSCC patients. Whole unstimulated saliva was collected and analyzed using an ELISA test. Results: TNF-α was significantly elevated in leukoplakia, further elevated in OSCC as compared to controls. There was a significant difference in TNF-α between the different histopathological grades of OSCC and leukoplakia (P ≤ 0.01). There were also statistically significant differences in TNF-α level between different clinical stages in OSCC (P ≤ 0.05). ROC curve analysis and area under curve values showed high specificity and sensitivity in differentiating OSCC from leukoplakia and healthy controls. Conclusion: The present study shows that salivary TNF-α can be used as a marker for predicting leukoplakia and oral cancer. The study also showed a significant correlation between clinical staging and histopathological grading of OSCC and TNF-α level.

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Aims and Objectives: Caries is a dynamic disease from an interaction between environmental, behavioral, and genetic elements. We aimed to determine if the changing dietary patterns of urban Nigerians have any effect on the relative susceptibility of the first and second permanent molars to caries. Materials and Methods: The case files of 7977 patients, who attended the Restorative Clinic at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Dental Centre, from 2012 to 2015, were reviewed for the occurrence of caries. Differences in the levels of occurrence of caries between the first and second permanent molars, with regard to age, gender, and the mandible and maxilla, were established by means of chi-square test, and the level of significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. Results: The second permanent molars were more susceptible to caries at 4013 (58.8%) compared to first permanent molars at 3448 (46.2%). A higher proportion of second permanent molars were decayed or filled (3146, 42.2%) compared to that of the first molar (2348, 31.5%) (P< 0.001). However, a greater number of first molars (1100, 14.7%) were extracted due to caries compared to second molars (887, 11.6%). Males had more carious lesions (4422, 59.3%) compared to females (3039, 40.7%) (P > 0.05). The number of carious first and second molars was higher in the lower jaw (4498, 60.3%) compared to the upper jaw (2963, 39.7%) and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The second permanent molars were more vulnerable to caries indicating apparent changing dietary patterns of urban Nigerians. Further prospective studies, covering a wider age range, should be carried out to validate or refute the claim of this study.

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Aims and Objectives: To assess the marked effect of periodontal conditions on oral health–related quality of life in the population of India. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 450 participants, with specific age group 30–60 years, residing in the Gurugram District, Haryana, through various camps conducted by the Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, both in rural and urban areas. The data collection included a combination of clinical examination for the assessment of oral health status and questionnaire administration. Two pretested questionnaires and significant oral findings were the sources of data collection. Age and gender were calculated with correlation quality of life as P > 0.05. Prevalence of oral impacts with severity of periodontitis was analyzed using chi-square test and analysis of variance. Results: The severity of periodontal disease has a direct effect on oral health–related quality of life. Oral impact prevalence was found to be 59% and 81% in participants with moderate periodontitis and/or severe periodontitis, respectively. The extent and severity were also found to be proportional to the severity of periodontitis. Conclusion: Oral health–related quality of life worsens with the extension in severity of chronic periodontitis.

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Aims and Objectives: This study was undertaken to investigate the referral patterns and treatment needs of patients managed by the special care dentistry (SCD) clinic specialists at a Malaysian teaching dental hospital, in preparation for improved oral health services for this patient population. Materials and Methods: The dental records of patients who attended the SCD clinic between January and December 2017, were reviewed for information, including sociodemographic characteristics, sources and reasons for referral, dental treatment needs, and medical profile. Quantitative data were analyzed via the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version (chi-squared test, P < 0.01). Results: A total of 182 patients were managed in 2017, consisting mostly of Malays (89.6%) and with a majority being males (63.2%) in the 0–20 years age group (69.8%). A slight prevalence of adolescent/adult patients (52.2%) was reported as compared with that of pediatric patients (47.8%), with no significant difference between the genders. Many of the patients were encountered within the mobile dental service program (53.8%) and mostly first presented for routine checkups (66.5%). Treatment needs included periodontal therapy (76.9%), restoration (47.3%), exodontia (28.0%), and dentures (12.1%). The patient study sample additionally boasted physical impairments (58.8%), complex medical conditions (32.4%), psychiatric disorders (8.8%), and intellectual disabilities (8.2%). Systemic health issues included cardiovascular (18.7%), respiratory (9.9%), and endocrine (7.7%) disorders. Significant differences in the numbers of patients with physical disabilities and complex medical conditions were observed across age groups. Conclusion: This study provides important information for the future development of SCD services at the institutional and national levels.

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Aims and Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the caries level among elementary school students in Balongsari's working area. Materials and Methods: This observational descriptive study was done to find out risk factors for caries in this population. Data were derived from the surveys on 2^nd and 3^rd graders among elementary students in Balongsari's working area. Through simple random sampling, six elementary schools were selected among 13 elementary schools. Among 1171 students, 110 students were recruited. There was a questionnaire for each student which was based on the World Health Organization standard. Data were collected from these students by interviewing them directly. Caries level was measured by Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth index which was an accumulation between Decayed, Missing, and Filled score and decayed, missing, and filled score. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 17. Results: The risk factors that could be associated with caries based on this survey are grades, knowledge of oral and dental health, toothache experience, frequency of toothbrushing, and participant visitation to oral and dental health facility or dentist. Conclusions: The risk factors that could be associated with caries based on our survey are grades, knowledge of oral and dental health, toothache experience, participant not satisfied with the appearance of his/her teeth, participant avoid smiling and laughing because of his/her teeth, and subject was made fun by his/her friends.

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Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of oral health of community pharmacists (CPs) in Plateau State, Northern Nigeria, serving as a template upon which they can be engaged as a medium to improve oral health care among the people. Materials and Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study on CPs spanning the entire State. Results: CPs (113) were recruited as participants. A one-sample t-test showed good knowledge of oral health by the CPs: mean = 17.2, standard deviation (SD) = 2.44, t (112) = 5.14, P < 0.001. Independent sample t-test showed statistically significant differences in mean oral health knowledge of CPs who stock oral health-care products (mean = 17.3, SD = 2.4) than those who did not: (mean) = 13, (SD) = 1.41, t (111) = 2.50, P = 0.014. A multiple regression analysis also showed stocking oral health products as the only statistically significant predictor of knowledge score. Organizing workshops and seminars on oral health (63%) were the most common suggestion by the CPs on how knowledge of oral health can be improved among them. Conclusion: CPs may be effectively employed in oral health promotion because patients frequently contact them and regularly ask for their advice on both general and oral health-care. It would be beneficial to empower them through trainings and access to oral health information so as to help them take a more active and integrated role as part of a multidisciplinary health-care team attending to the oral health concerns of the people.

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Aims: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the pooled prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) among children. Methods: Three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL) were searched till January 1, 2017, for the prevalence of MIH among children. The heterogeneity of the publications was evaluated using I² statistics. Two trained reviewers conducted risk of bias assessment with nine item checklist for prevalence studies. Results: Analysis of the included publications revealed a pooled prevalence of 11.24 (confidence interval = 9.23–13.45) with the use of quality effects model. Heterogeneity among the included publications was high. The risk of bias assessment showed that majority of them were in the low-risk category. Conclusions: MIH is a common problem and one in 10 children could be affected by MIH.

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